Antimicrobial Consumption in Latin American Countries: First Steps of a Long Road Ahead.

BACKGROUND: Irrational antimicrobial consumption (AMC) became one of the main global health problems in recent decades. OBJECTIVE: In order to understand AMC in Latin-American Region, we performed the present research in 6 countries. METHODS: Antimicrobial consumption (J01, A07A, P01AB groups) was registered in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Paraguay, and Peru. Source of information, AMC type, DDD (Defined Daily Doses), DID (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day), population were variables explored. Data was analyzed using the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) tool. RESULTS: Source of information included data from global, public, and private sectors. Total AMC was highly variable (range 1.91-36.26 DID). Penicillin was the most consumed group in all countries except in Paraguay, while macrolides and lincosamides were ranked second. In terms of type of AMC according to the WHO-AWaRe classification, it was found that for certain groups like "Reserve," there are similarities among all countries. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: This paper shows the progress that 6 Latin-American countries made toward AMC surveillance. The study provides a standardized approach for building a national surveillance system for AMC data analysis. These steps will contribute to the inclusion of Latin-America among the regions of the world that have periodic, regular, and quality data of AMC.

Impacto del cambio de presentación del trastuzumab para la Seguridad Social de Costa Rica, estudio de minimización de costos / Impact of the change of presentation of the trastuzumab for the Social Security of Costa Rica, cost minimization study

Resumen Objetivo: dado que en este momento está disponible a nivel de la Seguridad Social Costarricense tanto trastuzumab para administración intravenosa como para administración subcutánea, y que la presentación para administración subcutánea ha documentado ser no inferior a la intravenosa, resulta pertinente contar con un estudio de minimización de costes que permita documentar cuál de las formulaciones resulta más conveniente mantener en el sistema público de salud, con base en criterios de eficiencia de la intervención. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio que evaluó desde la perspectiva financiera de la Seguridad Social de Costa Rica, dos opciones diferentes de aplicación del trastuzumab en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Los procedimientos relacionados fueron identificados y documentados para los dos tipos de aplicación del tratamiento intravenosa y subcutánea. Ambas opciones de tratamiento se basaron en esquemas de diecisiete dosis, con la estimación de los suministros y el tiempo del profesional sanitario para cada posibilidad. El análisis incluyó la evaluación desde la perspectiva del paciente. Resultados: la evaluación económica del procedimiento de administración para ambas alternativas evidenció que la opción subcutánea tenía un costo de aplicación de $ 78,6 y $ 467,34 para la opción intravenosa. Desde la perspectiva financiera, la opción subcutánea constituye la alternativa con un costo menor: $ 4000,00 por tratamiento por paciente, y desde la perspectiva de este, implica un 45,0 % menos de tiempo por sesión de tratamiento por paciente, que en la opción intravenosa. Conclusiones: la formulación de trastuzumab subcutánea evidenció una reducción sustancial de tiempo y costo en comparación con la presentación intravenosa en el sistema de Seguridad Social Costarricense.

Abstract Objective: Given that at this time is available at the Costa Rican Social security both trastuzumab for intravenous as for subcutaneous administration, and that the presentation for subcutaneous administration has documented to be not inferior to the intravenous. It is relevant to have a study of cost minimization to investigate what formulation is more convenient to maintain in the public health system, based on criteria of efficiency of the intervention. Methods: A study was developed to evaluate, from the financial perspective of the Social Security of Costa Rica, two different options of application of trastuzumab in patients with breast cancer. The related procedures were identified and documented for the two types treatment application. Both treatment options were based on seventeen dose schemes, with the estimate of supplies and the time of the health professional for each possibility. The analysis also included the evaluation from the patient's perspective. Results: The economic evaluation of the application procedure for both alternatives evidenced that the subcutaneous option had an application cost of $78.6 and $467.34 for the intravenous option. From the financial perspective the subcutaneous option constitutes the alternative with lower cost, with a cost around $4000.0 by treatment per patient, and from the patient perspective implies a 45.0% less time for session than then intravenous option. Conclusions: Trastuzumab subcutaneous formulation evidenced a substantial time and cost reduction in comparison with the intravenous formulation in the Costa Rican Social Security System.